always wondered why it matters. Are these things we call races different even if you dislike the concept of race? Yes. It's just the language the layman, census data, and literature understand or use. Language is always a tool to elucidate a concept, that being broad divisions of humanity usually aligned with the continents but at the very least existing in relative geographic isolation from one another while having a continuum within themselves due to less isolation. Saying the concept doesnt pass your benchmark to be considered 'actually real' in your eyes is just tactical denial.   Only way out is by arguing that racial delineation doesnt explain the trait. One could say jamaican sprinters cant be generalized to Congolese Marathoners. But if a relatively consistent IQ can be applied to a representative sample with minimnal selection...it is fine   And the arbitrary demands, fallacies, and clearly socially informed stances show that race denial is ideological   https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subspecies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies#Criteria https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/38753/what-is-a-subspecies https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-criteria-to-define-subspecies Fits: a local variant, genetically distinguishable, visibly distinguishable, and capable of interbreeding